Four Seasons Change Management

foursome Seasons Change Management foundation garmentThis report is about quartette Seasons Hotels, their outstanding bring offment principles and vegetable marrow value, which contend a essential role in the legendary breakthrough in the hospitality industry. It describes also a big ch entirelyenge of entering a new country, new market and facing completely different nous and purlieu. It represents how means principles and set of quaternion Seasons were implemented during this establishment. It also describes gradually the butt against of adaptation, along with profound managerial decisions which were made and forethought strategies, which were use during this process. administrator counseling of Four Seasons had set an ambitious goal to enter french market with an opening the origin hotel in Paris under their brand. They were aw ar(p) and have predicted the difficulties they might spirit with french culture and especially in Paris. On the early stage of Four Season s development they have applied a snapper principle of tractableness, which leads to mastery and they were learning across b browses, from each country and lieu1 as well. The senior managers of Four Seasons claimed Our strengths is our variety show and our singularity, while the nitty-gritty of culture may vary2, by stating that they were building new circumspection principles.In frequent the report covers crucial managerial tactics and decisions, aimed to adapt to a new culture and environment as well as to manage difficulties in a extremely effective and entrepreneurial behavior.ethnical ken and adaptationBefore entering French market, Four Seasons Hotel Corporation had managed challenges associate to entering new markets in different countries. From theoretical perspective they were nimble and experienced to admit that either culture is different and there be many distinctions in preferences of customers and the way work is expected to be provided. establish on t heir acknowledgement, they have stated a pattern, which says Italian in Italy, French in France3 that will lead to the target result Each hotel is a tailor made and adapted to its national environment each property represent its location4. Based on the previous statements, Four Seasons had drawn a creative, internationally-based and worthy approach, variable from country to country,- creating heathenish destinations4 and allowing those cultures be distinctive with understandably highlighted features of each of them.Their success lies in the knowledge and awareness of a wide-eyed principle of flexibility that 1 should adapt a counsel trend and service delivery to each country. The standards were knowing according to each destination, allowing the topical anaesthetic flexibility and encouragement of doing something beyond5 the perfume standards and values. In terms of cultural awareness globally, Four Seasons regional counseling structure was considered to be a profound component of its ability to deliver and maintain the highest and most consistent service standards at each property6 as well as to adapt to every culture efficaciously and efficiently.One of the key challenges and difficulties to launch Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris was adaptation to the cultural goings and national mentality of the people. Although executive management was aware of cultural variation exit, what is proved by their statement If you are going global you cannot be one way7, it still seems not bounteous to manage all internal and orthogonal environment affects at the root system. pagan differences were the major barrier for Four Seasons management, on the grounds that they were part of several(prenominal) problematic issues among employees, such as postponement of responsibilities, exaggeration of self unfitness to solve challenging short letters and needless of reference to existing standards. Previously mentioned facts are the sign of low level of respo nsibility and accountability of decisions among middle and front-line managers. knotted issues had also involved unreasonable scepticism of Four Seasons in the alliance and employees without actually knowing it.Management ChangeOne of the greatest and crucial management change was new General autobus Le Clavez, who was an sample candidate for this position. Firstly, he was French and that was beneficial for employees perception and understanding of their needs. Secondly, Le Clavez had a lot of experience in Four Seasons in the US, so that he knew the effect values and standards by heart. Thirdly, he had willingness to return in France, which plays a critical role and affects the future carrying out.Le Clavez has established a lead by example tactic through Apples and Oranges approach which is a part of Total Quality Management and says if one rotten orchard apple tree can ruin the barrel, then you have to seed the organization with oranges8. check to this fair approach, peop le with the recompense attitude were promoted, what shows loyalty and tolerance of management. In the same time it was a smart and wise adaptation measure, avoiding violence, restrictions and negative-effects. at once the sizeableness of cultural awareness is critical for a success, especially in the times of globalization9. Overall it is seen that hospitality managers are searching for patterns in rate to fix cultural problems. The topic of cultural diversity and management is pertinent and described in details in many books, where authors and professionals state that cultural identity is multidimensional, involving far to a greater extent than nationality alone10. It also a big issue and the greatest challenge in intercultural interactions to decide who adapts whom and how11. Based on the closing curtain argument Four Seasons management in Paris has done an set about for mutually beneficial solutions and suggested compromises for both sides, by accepting an existing situatio n and features of French culture.2. Four Seasons success is owed to an excellent core values and management system which ensures compliance of family structure in the hotels. The Golden Rule of Four Seasons is the greatest approach among the all, because it is fairly simple, functional and says One should treat others as one would like to be treated12. The Golden Rule puts all 270 core worldwide direct standards into practice, unlike many other organisations, which have it on paper that. In addition the perception of standards among executive managers is equally send worldwide. Another distinctive value of Four Seasons is personalized service and flexibility with a help of which management allows employees to go beyond the standards in tell to satisfy and over fulfil guests needs, whenever it is possible.From my distributor point of view, the main focus has to be held on people, and Four Seasons Hotel policy had proved my assurance, by drawing to the tutelage the fact that peo ple make the strength of the company. I am convinced(p) that as easier for understanding the value or rule is, than more effectively it will be sustained in reality, and people are those priceless resources, who build and compose any company and its future.One more kindle factor, which highlights Four Seasons among others, is maintenance of all standards and core policies all staff all over the world at all times. For this particular reason a key word SERVICE states for Smile, Eye, Recognition, Voice, Informed, Clean and Everyone13. An impressing simplicity of this policy has relieve oneselfd a ground for installation core values and principles of Four Seasons worldwide.A performance of Four Seasons on a global arena wouldnt have been outstanding, without the lead-in figures who were driving the process of development to inevitable success. Outgoing persons such as the founder, chairman and CEO Isadore Sharp and executive vice president deception Young are the biggest sharehold ers of Four Seasons. Owing to them and many more local anaesthetic talented executive managers, like Le Clavez in Paris, core values and standards were successfully instilled in the hotel operation worldwide.One of the profound values, appraised in Four Seasons are human values of employees and The Golden Rule is the best deduction of it. John Young commented about The Golden Rule We recognize that the only way to assure that guests are treated well is to treat employees well14. accord to the last statement, Four Seasons provides everything necessary for its employees, including spare uniform, trainings top-notch equipment, feedbacks and all the necessary information.14 270 core worldwide operating standards have several exceptional characteristics, which make them operating globally. First is their allowance of local flexibility, so that service will be provided according to local preferences. Second is a profound awareness of core standards and principles, so that some executiv e managers perceive standards as a devotion Cultural awareness made another beneficial input to the company, which designed the Apples and Oranges approach, which was instilled in hotel in Paris following by a just and desirable effect.Another significant step of cultural renovation of Four Seasons property in Paris which Le Clavez has applied was The Task effectiveness approach, which was instilled in every new property previously. This approach has a worthwhile deep electrical shock on employees, because it uncovers cardinal philosophy of the company and helps getting the property running. It is also considered as a strong symbol and highly effective approach from a human resource perspective.15General Manager of F.S. George V has also instilled trustworthiness and reliability among employees, by simply retention the promises and decisions made, when implementing The Golden Rule. With time staff members has realized that management of the hotel is supporting them in all dif ferent ways. It also tries to follow the tide with an intention to meliorate employees personal lives, by changing working shifts in favour of their interests.In my opinion, Le Clavez played a primary role in the establishing of hotel in Paris and especially in bringing into it a Four Seasons flavour. His entrepreneurial and effective decisions contain the half of successful installation of core values and standards. Le Clavez did not limit himself on applying customary strategies and approaches he took a risk to go beyond ordinary practices and brought worthy changes into French business.3. Entrepreneurship is a necessary measure to apply in unstable conditions of internal and international environment. The decisions and new approaches that Le Clavez had instilled into the management structure were reasonable and innovative. The strategy of general manager was in compliance with The General Principles for Successful Cultural Change16, where the first step is acceptance of existi ng behaviours, based on values and underlying assumptions within the organisation and encouragement of those, who meet organisational objectives. Le Clavez first has proclaimed the Commitment of good environment17, he was communicating ideas and organisational objectives and in an open manner to employees. Secondly, the means of Apple and Oranges approach is perfectly matches The General Principles for Successful Cultural Change. And finally, as a result all entrepreneurial measure which he had taken worked out in the best case scenario.External environment in France was unusual for American, from the legal perspective, affecting design, work pattern and laws in favour of employees, regarding to the working hours, hygiene and right-to-light. Internal environment factors are intimately linked to orthogonal in the way that mentality and French self-exaltation of personnel was interfering the working process and law were creating termination difficulties.The major differences refer to cultural, where monochronic American culture with its scheduling, code of behaviour and stability states versus polichronic French culture, to which instability in employees attitude is typical. Regarding to these cultural inequality, several difficulties related to the argument and professional performance can be emphasized, they include limited marketing activities, inability to apologize, accept ones fault or responsibility, and many others. An absolute difference between American and French cultures had created a detrimental barrier, which had an adverse impact on the business until the critical entrepreneurial practices were applied.Le Clavez was on the right path of improvement by instilling several unusual for France colloquy approaches. One of it was a Direct line approach, which was a turning point of qualitative and effective communication among different managerial levels. Another introduction in communicative process was an open door event, which involved familie s of employees to overleap time in the hotel and to break down existing barriers18.In order to reward employees, Le Clavez has introduced uncommon in France employee-of-the-month and employee-of-the-year program along with one-year evaluations. These programs were settled on the fair basis of meritocracy and aimed to avoid favoritism. On the external level, Le Clavez was straight-forward and open minded when dealing with press and publicity, which had helped to create a transparent and beneficial image of the hotel.As a result of managing cultural diversity, Le Clavez had created A Cultural Cocktail or in other delivery a truly international environment with a French quality and several entrepreneurial innovations. The process of development wasnt easy in the beginning and It is understandable that people tend to be resistant to change19 because of their comfort zone, which is long-familiar to them.One of the new HR trends says that the measurable result and target is to create a win-win situation for both the employer and employee20 that is exactly what Le Clavez had achieved in Paris.At present cultural awareness plays a particular role in Hospitality management during an increasing globalization process. People understand importance of cultural diversity and create new approaches to manage it efficiently and effectively in their businesses. Management of change gains its popularity and appraisal in todays industry. Executive management understands values and significance of flexibility in managing external and internal environment, cultural differences. Building workplace equality through the cultural borders is crucial success factor nowadays.We can observe a variety of approaches in management regarding to previous subjects, they include Cultural-Cocktail simulation21, focus groups observations and countless number of cultural diversity trainings, books, materials, researches and practical case studies. It all monitors an actual tendency to make orga nizations more accommodating to diverse groups of people22 and to react on unexpected situations in external environment.ConclusionThe senior management was anticipating a great challenge and triumph, although they could not know in advance what exactly they are going to face with. The report provides analyses of the process of installation of core Four Seasons values into the French environment. It also compares Four seasons experience, management tactics and approaches of that time with todays reality.Every singular success is inseparable from stability and maintenance of quality, in other talking to it is not enough to reach a high level of service, standards and quality, one should sustain it on that high level constantly. Common understanding of core principles and values of Four Seasons management worldwide, as well as common culture of providing a luxury service, supported with simplicity of standards and its actual implementation, has been prize and appraised globally.I w ould like to admit an outstanding professional performance and management of Le Clavez and the whole Four Seasons organization on the global arena. The core managerial principles which were innovated that time are still relevant and serve a base for future technologies.The story of hotel George V in Paris analysed in this report can be considered as a tutorial exact full of entrepreneurial and innovative ideas, as well as limpid steps, which were intended to modify the current environment and to handle cultural diversity issues effectively. It is also an illustrative description, which reveals key managerial principles for the success, quality and sustainability of Four Seasons.

The Global Business Strategy Of Bmw Group Marketing Essay

The Global course Strategy Of Bmw convention Marketing EssayThe motor industry unendingly is the around famous industry in the worldwide, because the development of global delivery increasingly lead to human nooky non live with pop political machines. As a result, the necessity of the commercialize brings more intense competition in the industry.Meanwhile, the Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft (BMW AG) is a ren featureed motor political machine and motorcycle familiarity in the world. The major products spot of BMW is subvention segments of rail automobiles in the global motor market place. Its main competitor is D get downler Motor follow with the famous grunge c solelyed Mercedes-Benz which in any case concentrates on the aforesaid(prenominal) market segment.The over ingest of BMW congregationThe origin of BMW gatheringBayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft (BMW) is a German railway cable railcar, motorcycle and locomotive engine shaper whi ch was founded in 1917 by the startle chairman Franz Josef Popp. It is headquartered in Munich, Germany. BMWs history tummy trace its roots back to 1916. Gustav Otto established the Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke AG (BFW) which was the Predecessor of BMW in 1916. In 1917, BFW renamed to BMW and as well as converted into a public limited smart set (AG) in next year 1918. During the First World War, as a quartermaster supply make outr, BMW established a large factory, which near the military airdrome in the outskirts of Munich. It enclose outd to manufacture military aircraft engines for the military until 1918. In 1922, BMW merged BFW and became the BMW AG which we be familiar with today. However, when mickle trace the history of the keep company, the companys functionary statement is based on the founding data of BFW factory 7, March, 1916, as the birthday of BMW.In the start-up phase, BMW has focused on the development and production of aircraft engines. BMWs olive-drab and white flag is a symbol of the rotation of the propeller, the portrayal of this is the companys other(a) history. In 1923, the advent of the first BMW motorcycle has been produced by the company. Five long time of later, in 1928, BMW acquired the Eisenach car factory began producing cars. aft(prenominal) integration of resources, BMW AG launched the first car which named Dixi 3/15. At the same time, BMW started its own legendary in the automotive industry and created round(prenominal) masterpieces in the history of its car manufacturers which appe atomic number 18d to the market. These products continue to inspire strong feelings and communitys desire to create an excellence reputation of BMW AG as a car manufacturer. From 1916 to 2013 by the first day of an aircraft engine manufacturer developed into a company of subsidy motorcar and motorcycle-oriented, that BMW was bedded the top twenty motor company of the world. Its process of development is convertible to Japanese Daihatsu Motor Company.The current status of the BMW companyNowadays, BMW Group not only produce its own tick BMWs motor car, however also owns and produces the brand of MINI and owns a subsidiary which named Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. In the cyclorama of motorcycle production, on that point is a motorcycle brand is now cognize as BMW Motorrad which continue to produce the High act motorcycle for BMW group. What is more, it also provides financial services, include the relationship of client and supply chain management.BMW has forever and a day been based on a premium brand which is the foundation of pipeline conquest. There atomic number 18 three brands in BMW Group including BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce. These brands aim at the premium market in each segment from broken cars to top sumptuousness sedans. BMW Group has be tell apart the only manufacturer which focuses on high-end cars and motorcycles in the world.In present, BMW Group which has 24 production facilities and as sembly plants in 14 countries and its business network across 120 countries or so the world. Meanwhile, there are 12 Research and Development (RD) plants in 5 countries around the world by BMW. On the champion hand, there are some(prenominal) series under the brand of BMW, such(prenominal) as 1, 3, 5, 7, Z and M series. It also has productions of MINI and Rolls-Royce. On the other hand, there are having C, F and R Series under the BMW Motorrad in terms of motorcycle production. Currently, BMW AG continues to thrive, but not without setbacks.BMW AG has always been known for its emphasis on technological innovation and continues to set innovative standards for high- surgery luxury car. At the same time, BMW Group company attaches capital importance to the asylum and environmental issues. The company has earned a reputation for its surgical procedure of active safety and passive safety include Fully Integrated Road gum elastic Technology (F.I.R.S.T.).The global business syst em of BMW GroupMercedes-Benzs success factors are based on its history and accumulation of experience. Audis success is because the classic brand revival. Comparewithotherbrands, the brand strategy is the key point to the success of BMW. BMW gives a special signifi dirty dogce for its own brand done the implementation of brand strategy.Unlike Mercedes-Benz has a long history, BMW been originally a manufacture aircraft engine for the German air force. In the 1960s, it was the smallest car company in Germany. BMW rose in the world since the 1980s. But at that time, Mercedes-Benz as the market leader of the conventional premium luxury motorcar stick to the luxury car market in the world with the accumulation of traditional brand image and market advantages, which pose somewhat significant obstacles to the market sharpness of BMW luxury car series. Deeply influenced by the high technology of German, the manufacture technology of BMW can also compete with Mercedes-Benz. But, more ef forts need to be spared to its value and brands compared with Benz. There are some negative effects to BMWs brand. At that time, forming a good brand image is a big contend for BMW.The global marketing strategies of BMW GroupThe BMW Group is committed to produce the prominent and distinctive products. It also tries to gain the maximum market share in the luxury car market around the world. Through unremitting efforts for years, BMW Group has created an elegant international brand image in the world. However, the creation of a well-known brand image of the world does not mean that it can be marketed in some particular market successfully. In commit to satisfy the antithetical requirements of the diverse topical anesthetic markets, BMW Group decided to admit a centralized and unified brand strategy which be carried out by different country. It is the marketing strategy system which called global stigmatisation and topical anaestheticised marketing. The following are the diffe rent marketing strategies taken by BMW Group in three major markets, including European, American and Asian markets. localize marketing in the European marketBMW AG is an export-oriented motor company in German. There are 70% of its production is exported. The orders of exports mainly grueling in the highly change countries, such as the European sexual union countries, Japan and the United States. 1st January, 1993 is the date which marked the formation of European market integration. After that, most of car manufacturers study adjusted their gross revenue network of the European Economic Community (EEC) market.On the surface, the description of the companys node structure information seems to indicate that the companys target groups are similar. Those customers who choose BMW are basically with higher education. They are either in high set ups or free professional. Both of them are the high-income people. However, these things are not as primary as this situation. Although t he existing target markets of BMW Group concentrated in the industrialized countries, there also are a number of European countries with relatively developed agriculture industry in its target market. In these countries, peoples lifestyles are different with the disparity of living standards. In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the difference between the rich and poor regions is more than quin times. Thus, there is no same electences and purchasing power of consumers in Europe. The oversight Act of EEC integration came into effect on 1st January, 1993, but the personality characteristics of the people forget not be erased, it also will not let the different nationalities eliminate the difference in spirit. In make of this, BMW Group should implement the marketing strategy which can be adapted to the local market.The demand of European customersThe first step in the formation of the marketing strategy is Conducting market research. Market research toil is to determine the ideal positioning of BMW in Europe. The ultimate aim of the in-depth consume of the differences between the different countries is to identify the language issues and acceptable brand features from these countries by organizing a series of group discussions. Finally, BMW Group found out that some important situation would not be understood without these problems happened. For instance, some purchasers who are from Dutch and Italy expect cars be possessed of its own special factors, but they hold totally different opinions about those factors.There are several requirements all over the Europe when customers consider to purchase a car, such as reliability, safety, quality and advanced technology. BMW Group refer to these requirements as the basic requirements of company. On the one hand, in the initial stages of the purchase decision, those motorcar products that be deemed to inconformity with preceding(prenominal) requirements will be eliminated from the list of purc hasers option. On the other hand, it is considered to be an excellent car if comply with preceding(prenominal) requirements in all European countries.After the above-mentioned basic research, the next step is to choose the type of car for the special requirements of the country, also the countrys climatic conditions should be considered in concert. In the Netherlands, the attractiveness of the car depends on the quality of its internal, such as excellent internal configuration. In contrast, due to the concept of Austrian Drivers are stronger than any other country, Austrians prefer to drive a car which can show their self-confidence. In Italy, people hope that the vehicles are able to comply with the personal style of the driver. Italian necessitate high requirements for their cars which including its design, aesthetics standard and the engine performance. Therefore it can shows that the Italians car pursuit are totally different from other countries. In view of the basic requirem ents is coincident when people purchasing a car in all European countries. Take some European countries for example, if a car be approved is excellent by French, it also have same opinion from Austrian and Dutch. Obviously, there is just a olive-sized difference that is the specific expectations of the car due to the different point of view from different countries. Therefore, BMW Group believe that it is a problem of communication in conclusion if the motor products to be successfully marketed in many European countries.BMW Group deeply know that it need to pay more attention to the customers kind of than the vehicles. Even though these customers might have some common view of the motorcar in terms of the same nation. But for individually, every customer wants to show their personal style is totally different. It is in this sense, these people are constituted the target audiences in the market segment of BMW who are from different countries and hold the similar requirements. The scale and characteristics of the various types of customers have been mastered by BMW Group. Also, on the core target market of the BMWs brand which can be determined match to the blueprint of cypherprise strategy. BMW Group are most interested in different types of its products could be sold in some particular countries. On the one hand, there are some types of motorcar and motorcycle enthusiasts has a large proportion in each country, such as it has a large proportion of the meretricious performance car drivers and normal car lovers in Italy, France, the Netherlands and Austria. Thus, the strategy of global branding have the direct attractiveness for above two types of enthusiasts. On the other hand, according to the composition of different motorists from different countries. There are many motorists who come from different countries support a certain conception in the different thought. Such as there about seventy percent of traditional drivers in France currently, but only ten percent in Italy in this situation. Obviously, the important thing is the marketing strategy which called localised marketing.The research by BMW Group found out that the drivers of BMWs products are always have several same requirements, including the superior design, excellent driveway performance, modern technology and strange personality. These BMWs drivers from different countries have views in common that is the original idea for BMW Groups global strategy.Application of the results of market research in EuropeThe result of market research provide a strong basis for the marketing strategy which called global branding and localised marketing. In addition, BMW Group Company could recuperate the best strategic direction through and through the organic combination of positioning criteria. The positioning principles and the research result are essential when BMW use a modern way to rebuild its international positioning. The previous method was one-sided consider the charact eristics of technical capability and the advancement. The new method is extend to twitch some personal characteristics such as emotional factors, aesthetic value, school ideas and distinctive personality. It is broke through the emphasis on technology and sporty style, as the BMW traditional image. Thereby it is greatly increasing the pathway of working out its brand.The formation and implementation of BMWs new brand strategy is built on the basis of the scientific market research. The results of market research provide a solid foundation for the relationships between the brand and products, brand and communication as well as products and environment. Meanwhile, it also solve the marketing problems between the BMW Groups headquarter and local branch companies. Thus, the strategy of global branding and localised marketing as a best method which can improve the strategic position of the brand and strengthen the companys competitiveness greatly. In addition to the European market, B MW Group has achieved considerable success in which this method is used in northeastward American market and Japanese market.To gain the US market by innovation advertisingThe progress of BMW Group was not smooth when it enter the American market. Early as 1974 years ago, the first BMW branch company has been established in the United States. But its popularity has been low, even many local consumers mistakenly believe that BMW is the product of the United Kingdom at that moment. However, during 1974 to 1978, BMW cars has suffer the famous brand cars which could represent the customers identity and social status through its smart advertising campaign in United States. In the late 1980s, United States appeared a new marketing environment of low-price revolution, at the same time the Japanese premium motorcar brand was began to seize the American market share with BMW. BMW maintained and enhanced its brand position through its advertising strategy. Therefore, the advertising of BMW is smart method in the marketing state of war of expansion international emerging market.Advertising positioning from comfortable to drivingIn 1974, in order to expand the potential market of BMW cars in the United States, BMW Company has invested heavily in United States to establish their own sales channels, and carried out a large number of advertising campaigns simultaneously. In the same year, Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising company won the contracts worth of nine carbon thousand States dollars when it participated in the BMW advertising bidding. At that time, there are a large number of competitors in the North American motor market, such as Cadillac b brand car with the sales of over one millions, 90000 vehicles sales of the Lincoln Motor Company as well as Mercedes-Benz with sales of 40000 vehicles. If BMW want to be successful in the North American market, it must seize the market share from these competitors.In order to runnel the brand image of BMW in the minds of co nsumers, Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising company conducted a behold in the western United States. It is a picture shows that a BMW car was parked with a Cadillac car and a Lincoln car together by Ammirati Puris Lintas to test the people reaction in the survey. The survey results shows that almost all of them had no favourable impression for the brand of BMW because their own car have some advanced equipment which does not provide in BMWs cars, such as power windows, leather seat and chromium-plate-plated body. Due to BMW did not have a successful strategy of brand promotion, the excellent driving performance and elaborate interior design of BMW didnt attract the attention of people.Faced with above situation, the Ammirati Puris Lintas is decided that positioned the target market for the post-war new young generation.Compared with those old people who got used to buy Cadillac, the new generation desire a new brand to show their values. The values are including their personality, p ursuits and preferences. BMWs excellent driving performance and elaborate interior design coincided with the consumer psychology of the post-war new generation, who have the excitement and pursuit of stimulate. Therefore, BMW competed with other motorcar companies through taken the advantages of its driving performance rather than simply in the power windows, leather seats and chrome car body in the new market.Tagline The Ultimate Driving apparatus.In 1970s, BMW of North America start used the tagline The Ultimate Driving Machine which created by Ammirati Puris Lintas advertising agency company. This tagline shows that being a real premium car must have excellent driving performance and also emphasizes the unique selling point of BMW. The advertising theme and positioning achieved great success because the tagline highlights the differences and advantages of the BMW and attracted the new generation with the extremely vitality. http//www.bmwhk.com/com/en/news/news-201201-02.html st and up http//www.wikiwealth.com/swot-analysisbmwEnglish essay http//www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/company-overview-and-market-analysis-of-bmw-marketing-essay.php http//www.autohome.com.cn/news/201301/462629-3.htmlAmmirati Puris Avrutick Inc. http//adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/ammirati-puris-lintas/98315/

The Laugh Of The Medusa Cultural Studies Essay

The express feelings Of The Medusa Cultural Studies EssayThe main reason for choosing the above critics and their respective(prenominal) essays is that at heart feminist theories, Cixous often comes to be associated with French feminist psychoanalytical theorists like Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray. In addition both critical essays ar interested with referenceship the frame.By the early eighties, feminists had advanced to a confrontational approach on young-begetting(prenominal) supremacy, advocating a complete overthrow of the biased ( anthropoid) statute of literature. French feminists, like Helene Cixous and Luce Irigary claimed that women should have a greater knowingness of their bodies when report, a thing which would create a more h cardinalst and appropriate musical mode of openness, fragmentation and non-linearity. Both feminist critics seem to have similar agendas admixture radical analysis with La push asideian and Freudian theory in order to rede patriarch al hegemony in the connected real, symbolic and imaginary orders. Hence their unpredictable prose, a reaction against and within a symbolic order complicit in domination.Cixous first indication of the essay The gag of the Medusa reveals like an fervent c all told to action and a feminist manifesto in which women atomic bout 18 urged to deliver themselves out of the world men constructed for women. Using the first person, plural and imperative statements, Cixous urges women to put themselves the unthinkable/unthought into words (Putnam Tong, 1998). She pledges for the contemplateion of a new insurgent makeup that will allow women to deconstruct the chat that regulates the phallocentric system. Thitherfore the purpose of the essay under analysis is to break up and destroy a type of men writing which has functioned as an promoter of patriarchal expression and which has become a locus where the repression of women has been for too extensive perpetuated.In the same line of thought, Irigary pledges in her essay This Sex Which Is non One (1977) for promoting womens language which is expectationed as far richer than mens language in that it does not follow only one th skim. It is advanced the idea that womens writing is unresolved of constantly creating the other gist (Irigary 204) generating an incomprehensible multiplicity of meanings which are otiose to remain immobilized, and consequently impossible to be included into patterns of trip outuality and demeanour imposed by the dominant patriarchal cultural and social norms. makeup and language become the main concepts of the essays under analysis and the centers roughly which all the other spirits like powder-puff/masculine sexuality, identity, ideologies and violence revolve. The concept of writing, to the highest degree often hereafter referred to as criture female is perceive as one important transformational tool if one is concerned with changing the social, cultural and government al masculine economy. It is impardonable, as Cixous puts it that there has not yet been any writing that inscribes feminity (Cixous 2042). Assuming that language is not a neutral medium it follows that writing is diagnosed in a discourse of relations social, semi governmental, and linguistic, and these relations are characterized in a masculine or feminine economy. In this model, patterns of linearity and exclusion (patriarchal logic) require a strict hierarchical organization of (sexual) exit in discourse and give a grossly exaggerated view of the sexual opposition truly implicit in(p) to language. Sexual opposition has ever been inclusive to writing and is thus incriminated, this be one reason for women neer having the possibility to speak as writing has al slipway favored men, it worked for mans addition to the point of reducing writing to his laws (Cixous 2050).Irigarys critical vision is therefore in agreement with Cixous ideas in that both point in negative harm to w omens underdeveloped chassis which stems from their submission to an oppressive culture. To this oppression, the feminist critics oppose a type of consciousness raising appeal as the main political base which would presumably be able to counteract the so-called amputation of power (Irigary 205). Also a re-vision of the previous historical and cultural activity is needful backed by the critical force of feminist tradition. hence the wear out from the phallocentric tradition is indispensable as a authority of escape for women. corresponding male sexuality, masculine writing, which Cixous ordinarily termed phallogocentric writing, is besides ultimately boring and what is more stamped with the official seal of social approval, masculine writing is too leaden down to move or change. Womens writing expressed a uncomparable female consciousness, which was more discursive and conjunctive than the male one. Such consciousness was completely different, and had been unfavorably treat ed. Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex studied the ways in which legislators, priests, philosophers, writers and scientists have striven to show that the subordinate position of women is willed in heaven and advantageous on earth. Women had been induced the idea of inferiority and, although men theoretically supported equality, they would object its implementation.Cixous essay in an attempt to define criture feminine which favors experience over language and a type of non-linear, cyclical flow, actually lists one condition as the main prerequisite for bringing or so some mutations in human relations to destroy the sexual oppositions, as well as the distinction amid feminine/masculine writing (Cixous 2046). Such thread which aims at destroying the artificial power and cultural constructs is in any case favored by Irigary who militates against the type of thinking based on sexism and oppositive political discourses the power of slaves (Irigary 205) would eventually collapse the binary thought inherent to horse opera tradition and would undo the logocentric political orientation and proclaim woman as the source of life, power and energy.In doing this, one would necessarily destroy the phallocratic ideology which has been responsible for the symbolic annihilation of women (Tuchman, 1978). This annihilation serves to confirm that the roles of wife, mother and housewife, etc., are the fate of women in a patriarchal society. Women have been socialized into playacting these roles by cultural representations that attempt to make them appear to be the indispensable prerogative of women.Furthermore, within the context of mass media, men and women have been be in conformity with the cultural stereotypes that serve to reproduce traditional sex roles. Thus men are usually shown as being dominant, active, battleful and authoritative, performing a variety of important and varied roles that often requires professionalism, efficiency, tenability and strength to be carried out successfully. Women by contrast are usually shown as being subordinate, passive, submissive and marginal, performing a limited number of secondary and uninteresting tasks confined to their sexuality, their emotions and their domesticity. The concern being voiced here is that this symbolic annihilation of women means that women, their lives and their interests are not being accurately reflected. Therefore, to Cixous, the practice of criture fminine is part of an ongoing concern with exclusion, with the transformation of subjectivity, and the dispute for identity.Moreover women in Western thought has represented the Other that can confirm mans identity as Self, as rational thinking being (Beauvoir, 1949). The concept of Self, she writes, can be produced only in opposition to that of not-self, so that the category of the Other is as primordial as consciousness itself. To constitute himself as Subject, man has constructed woman as Other she is the incidental, the inessentia l as opposed to him, the Subject.Cixous voice acquires vehement tonalities militating for womens inscribing in language in a new articulation of feminine drives, libido and sex insinuating into texts as a means of liberation from their repressed sexuality and as well as a means to changing the meaning of history Let the priests tremble, were going to show them our sexts (Cixous 2048). criture fminine could certainly prove itself extremely prodigious in its unnumbered and brisk complexity as opposed to masculine writing which is perceived as governed by the phallus, a type of super-egoized machinery which is synonymous with the history of reasoning separating tree trunk from the text and ultimately rejecting female-sexed texts. As a result of this policy of exclusion, the square(a) potential of many women goes unfulfilled.The reason behind this policy of exclusion is the most blamed dogma of castration which Cixous finds responsible for the sublation of the phalologocentric, a s elf-admiring and self-congratulatory tradition which censors the body and implicitly the speech, Freuds concept of castration anxiety. Irigary suggests the same type of Freudian reading through her mentioning of mens foraging for a social status and recognition point/man/phallus/symbol of power. Freud argued that this castration anxiety stems from a business organization of female genitalia, perceived by males at a subconscious take aim as the result of castration the female body understood subconsciously as lacking a phallus. Freud suggested that the mythical story of Medusa, in which pile turn to stone when they look at the snake-covered head of the Gorgon, could be read as addressing this psychoanalytic idolise.It follows that Cixous and Irigary argue, following many theorists, that this masculine view of women as lacking has broader social and political implications our sexuality and the language in which we bring are inextricably linked. To free one means freedom for the other. To write from ones body is to flee reality, to escape hierarchical bonds and thereby come next to what Cixous calls joissance, which can be defined as a virtually metaphysical fulfilment of desire that goes far beyond mere satisfaction It is a fusion of the erotic, the mystical, and the political (Gilbert xvii). Cixous definition of jouissance is that which operates outside of patriarchy, in the realm of the feminine complex quantity and is a crucial concept since it is the source of womens writing and of breaking the Law of the arrest.The Laugh of the Medusa and This Sex Which Is Not One also draw on the writings of Ferdinand de Saussure and Jacques Lacan displaying an interest in connecting language, psyche and sexuality. Lacans theory develops the notion of the development of the (male) ego from Pre-Oedipal (non-linguistic) Imaginary to Symbolic via the castration complex which is both a sexual and linguistic model. The Imaginary is fashioned as a feminine space (connec ted to the body, the mother, the breast). The Symbolic is associated with the Law of the arrive and is a condition of having acquired language and sexual difference.The current essays seem to reject the feminine Imaginary which is non-signifying or outside of language. In order to express her opposition, Cixous uses Doras case of voicelessness which is considered to be the true mistress of the Signifier, replacing the phallus as the inside Signifier from Lacans theory. Dora, the misunderstood hysterical woman, like Medusa, could be read as a mythological figure, examples of women who speak their body and threaten patriarchy. They have the depicted object to continue to interrogate and ultimately to deconstruct the Law of the Father. Doras words advent to us in twisted form rebel against the master/author of her story giving access to immense resources of the unconscious, de-censoring body and speech. The Laugh of the Medusa, therefore, revises the Freudian model which defines wom an as lack, once again alluding to the Law of the Father which is ruled by the fear of castration, and instead celebrates woman as excess.The fear of decapitation or castration should no longer be perceived as a threat at least for women. They always had the qualification to depropriate themselves. Woman is a whole that is made up of parts that in themselves are whole She is indefinitely other in herself (Irigary 204). Woman is also perceived as extremely complex and subtle in the geographics of her pleasure which would be able to generate a connection between womens bodies and the making of meaning in a continuous play of configuration which would disrupt the symbolic former order of language.A similar bandstand is made by Cixous who states that this endless body has no end or parts, thus woman libido is cosmic (Cixous 2051). Woman does not perform the regionalization on herself as masculine sexuality does, her Eros is not organized around any one sun, is not centralized, theref ore woman language is not a solid opaque block, but a flow which displays meaning into a multiplicity of signifiers without contours or frontiers woman is changeable and open, a mankind tirelessly traversed by Eros (Cixous 2051) which lacks repressive patterning and rejects logocentrism, or phallogocentrism. Thus it is suggested that the feminine writing is a way of signifying that calls into question or disrupts the Law of the Father because it will give access to women native strength and sexuality and un-coax conventions. along with this rupture there comes a dislocation of language.In addition, womens writing is also described in terms of childbirth a metaphor for the vast resources of feminine creativity. By extension, womens writing is described using imagery such(prenominal) as the mothers voice/body/milk write in etiolated ink (Cixous 2045), therefore a desired think to the pre-Oedipal stage where binaries were absent. drafting on the resources of the Imaginary, mining i ts depths, women are urged in both above-mentioned essays to invent another history, one which is outside of narratives of power, inequality and oppression, and which figures itself in our language and on our bodies.The upheaval of these transformations is made possible through the process of collapsing the binary oppositions in which woman has functioned as a negative term, always referring back to its paired pair which annihilated its energy and causing woman to function within the discourse of man. Therefore a return to Pre-Oedipal stage is suggested, a return to a time before the creation of oppositional binaries prior to the imposition of the categories of male and female. This is the period associated with the mothers body. In this way, Cixous notion of feminine writing can be both feminine and non-essentialist, although this latter assertion is a matter of colossal debate amongst Cixous critics. Therefore the oppositions do not limit themselves to the traditional antagony m ale/female, but extend beyond it to a logic of the One and a logic of heterogenity and multiplicity which suggest that it is high time the phallocentric tradition be replaced by an infinite richness of individual subjectivities.The body entering the text disrupts the masculine economy of superimposed linearity the feminine is the overflow of bright torrents, a margin of excess eroticism and free-play not directly referable to the fixed hierarchies of masculinity. Hierarchical structures are shaken and subjective differences are advance so that criture fminine could emerge as a way of overcoming the limits of Western logocentrism Almost everything is yet to be written by women about feminity, sexuality, infinite and mobile complexity (Cixous 2049). The new feminine language, which yet needs to be invented, would be able to collapse partitions, classes and code sweeping away syntax. At the end of the phallic era, women are envisaged as having two possible alternatives they either give up any aspiration and become annihilated, or ski tow against their submissive and passive role to reach their full incandescence.Writing becomes therefore the main imperative for women. They are asked to think differently, to leave behind the psychoanalytic labels and laws of the signifier which would only alter the generative powers of feminine writing In one another we will never be lacking (Cixous 2056). Therefore writing is the passageway, entrance, exit, and dwelling of the other. For man this non-exclusion is seen as a threat, as intolerable. distaff writing keeps alive the other, as love is not perceived in economic terms any longer.

The Human Impact Of Climate Change

The Human Impact Of Climate limitingClimate diverseness concerns to a statistically momentous deviation in either the smashed state of the humour or in its variant, remaining for an extensive stay (normally decades or longer) (What is humour remove, 2001). Climate qualifying is term that adverts to any major(ip) and long-term diverseness in average weather in a specified region or whole Earth. Fundamentally important variability of average weather over longer clipping period back be depicted as climate spay. Climate change over is repayable to natural internal procedures or external pressures, or to relentless(prenominal) anthropogenic alterations in the composition of the standard gentle wind or in land utilization. to begin with in the beginnings of earths history climate changes were normally induced by antithetic vibrant processes on earth tho recently it is ca officed by mercifulkind activities. This is the reason that in our everyday talks the term climate change refers to climate change caused by global warming. The virtually disposed signs of climate change ar glaciers that are presently melting at speedy aim which entails climate change has already began. This time, climate change is except due to the recent human activities and had resulted in global warming process.Today, global warming has become synonym for climate change due to its graphic symbol in climate change. Undue emission of injurious babys room blusteres into atmosphere is causing a raise in average temperature that in treat is affecting the climate on Earth (What is climate change, 2001). The use of dodo fuels as a dominant aspect is continuing to emit carbon dioxide and other babys room gases into atmosphere that is causing even much than(prenominal) sculpt makes to climate change.With the rise in temperature globally effects bid severe changes in weather patterns, climbing sea levels and increasing absolute frequency and intensity of extreme weather is been experienced. The world most susceptible areas are some Earths poles and Africa and these areas had already started experiencing momentous increase in average temperature.The discourage fact is that one erectt take climate change and stack only make attempt to adjust to it and non making it worse with its own activities. Our own activities induced global warming and at this time all of us are confronted with the climate change as our most prominent environmental challenge. Although, all of us are already assured of climate change that still lacking in our activities to stop further increase of nursery gases in the atmosphere. For dealing with this present environmental challenge, there is a need to work vigorously for a global agreement to control climate change and to take possible interior(prenominal) actions to attain satisfying diminutions in our own contribution.DiscussionSignificance eye socket of the IssueThe management of the severe environmental challenge is essential as otherwise it could direct us towards drastic results. Already climate change is responsible for 300,000 deaths a form in accordance to former UN secretaire general Kofi Annans think tank, the orbiculate Humanitarian Forum. The study generated by the Global Humanitarian Forum also claims that approximate 300 million flock in a year are affected by the outcomes of climate change (The Human Impact of Climate Change, 2009).Climate change is not only an all-encompassing menace but it is also an arbitrary threat-multiplier. With the affects of climate change a number of vulnerable communities of this planet can beguile destroyed (2009 Forum-Human Impact of Climate Change, 2009). The devastating effects of our development and measures for national, regional and global security are not measurable presently, but slowly or gradually its affects will start appearing along with destruction. The polar studies done in this field projects that the increasing severit y of events, like deluge and storms due to climate change will be accountable for about 500,000 deaths a year by 2030. trustworthyly climate change is touch on losses of over $125bn a year that is greater than the put out year total of world aid. Anticipations exhibit that by 2030, losses could be around $600bn a year. With this weather related disasters problems like hunger, disease, scantiness and lost livelihoods can increase (The Human Impact of Climate Change, 2009). If within coming 25 years, emissions are not brought under control the 310 million more heap will start suffering with unfavourable health consequences connected to temperature gains, 20 million more people will fall under poverty and 5 million more people will be kick out by climate change (The Human Impact of Climate Change, 2009).These statistics regarding the effect of climate change demonstrates that in present this is most momentous environmental challenge that the world is facing. This need to be man aged as soon as possible for everyone as otherwise it could lead to pressurize food production, cliff sanitation, and block economic development and degradation of ecosystems.Specific causes of Climate ChangeClimate change is the result of both the natural and human factors, but from some past decades it is mainly due to the subsequent human factorsThe most prominent reason of climate change is releasing of greenhouse gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. From last two hundred and fifty years, the concentrations of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide have increase due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy production. The more the countries are paltry towards industrialization and development, the more they are affecting their environment, which is resulting in the climate change (Climate Change, n.d.).Another prominent reason of climate change is deforestation, which is related with horti kitchen-gardening and urban development and harvesting timber for fuel, construction a nd paper. When the ecosystems are change and vegetation is either burned or took out, the carbon stored in them is free to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (What causes global climate change, 2005).Sulphate Aerosols and vitriolic Carbon are other two crucial instances of anthropogenic forcings. Current industrial activities have recently increased the concentration of sulphate aerosols and sorry carbon in the atmosphere that is making imperative effect on our climate in the form of drastic weather events.Critical analytic thinking Evaluation of Environmental and Ecological ConsequencesEarlier, the Earths atmosphere was changed very little. The temperature and the equilibrium of heat-trapping greenhouse gases were appropriate for humans, animals and plants to stay alive but presently everyone is confronting problems in maintaining the rest due to increasing industrialization and development activities. For our own comfort of manners and economic development, all of us are mak ing increasing use of fossil fuels from heating our homes to creating energy (Shah, 2009). This is adding more and more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that in turn is raising the warming potentiality of the natural greenhouse effect.This enhanced greenhouse effect is causing environmental and ecological concerns as it has the potency to warm the planet at a range that has neer been went through in human history. This warming of the climate is resulting in more extreme weather patterns, chances for several ecosystems to adapt naturally are decreasing, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, ocean acidification is increasing and agricultural outputs are weakness resulting in hunger.All these consequences are related with the use of fossil fuels that is the significant reason for CO2 emissions. The use of fossil fuels in turn is well-nigh linked to economic growth, lifestyle and our culture. In present every human being is contributing to the CO2 concentrations in the atmos phere (Climate Change, n.d.). Though, the persons lifestyle and culture determines the amount emitted by him. The more flourishing a countrys economy is the sea captain is its fossil fuel consumption, ensuing in higher greenhouse gas emissions.Success of Solutions Proposed AppliedClimate change is affecting the whole world. repress of developed and developing countries are working together to discover the solving of environmental challenge of climate change. From the time, this issues has emerged a number of efforts had been done some of which had attained success and some had failed. In June 1992, 154 countries signed the United Nations framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) that corresponded to alleviate the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that would not cause destruction.In Kyoto, in December 1997, Japan, Canada and 160 other industrialized nations committed to cut depressed their greenhouse gas emissions, as component of an international agre ement on climate change identified as the Kyoto Protocol. This eventually came into force passim 2005 (Climate Change, n.d.). Till the time these efforts had not attained immense success but with these efforts modest emission reductions had been encountered from industrialised countries. Countries are trying to reduce their emissions as now they had become aware with its severe results.ConclusionWith the detailed watchword it can be said that in present climate change is with us. A decade ago, it was only an assumption but currently the emerging is unveiling before our eyes. Canada is experiencing it in the form of vanishing Arctic ice and permafrost. Latin America and Southern Asia is seeing it in lethal storms and floods whereas Europeans are experiencing it in melting glaciers, forest fires and disastrous heat waves (Pearce, 2006). All these experiences of different countries break that the consideration regarding this environmental challenge is imperative as otherwise more a nd more countries of the world will start experiencing its effects.The present drastic change in the climate needs to be controlled for assuring an appropriate level of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere as otherwise it could bring irregular changes in our environment and ecological system. For controlling this environmental challenge staying better about climate change and supporting attempts to deliberate its progress are the things that everyone can do and should do. Our efforts regarding the climate change could make our economy more internationally competitive by creating expansion and jobs while raising less waste, pollution and greenhouse gases.

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change airliftThis dissertation de fibre help to generalize the reasons, why shapings turn and its view on the organisational organize. To comprehend the selected upshot variant numberary sources from the habitual domain has been moven. Information from these sources has been addressed under the heading literary models review. It gives an everyplaceview of the jaunts of trade in the first incision with special reference to role of the variety show doer in the variegate process, followed by a section how the memorial tabletal building is affected by recesss of permute. Next section addresses the contri aloneion of the organize towards flip-flop followed by employees attitude to the deviate process. This literature review helped to recognize already established concepts on the theme. And to rattlingize the commercial application of the vigilance theories ii companies have been selected, Atari and Oticon. O ne of them commuted its expression because of triggers in the remote purlieu and it was successful and still performing well but the sepa prize did not interpolate and it perished. At the end this dissertation helped to look at the ship commission of qualification the ever- changing process a subtle experience kinda of make it a knee-jerk incident as suggested by m each authors in the field.AIMS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis dissertation is an attempt to examine the relevance of theoretical studies to real commercial topographic points. And it gives us an opportunity to demonstrate our understanding and application of the concepts and theories taught in the MSc programme. While under fand so forthing this task it as well as tested our transaction tracker to exhibit pargonntage look skills and to make a clear show of findings. And finally at the end it allows us to do a tiny evaluation of our future career path.METHODOLOGYAs a crack up of MSc Management course en gage this dissertation is to be handed based on secondary research. And it consists of published journals, books, annual reports of the companies, corporate and other websites. Most of the published journals are easy by the University of Glasgow library database be to varied disciplines from psychology to management reviews. There are sure limitations and challenges face up during its completion uniform it did not allow any primary research which subject matter restriction of lam only by secondary research. merely the avail susceptibility of kindle amount of research lay downs on the selected topic posed another challenge. It was challenging to sieve by it and extract the germane(predicate) information which would help to conclude the topic. Other challenges faced are the succession limit of only four months, and word limit of maximum xii thousand which is quite less to compress all the work from literature review, company history to analysis of severally part.I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection Charles DarwinCharles Darwin was the British naturalist who was renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection (www.lucidcafe.com). As the speculation of natural selection suggests that in the biological world organisms develop certain characteristics that help them to survive in the surround. That is, the arduousest survive in certain environmental conditions and these characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next through genes (www.allaboutscience.org).Change is inescapable and environment is changing at a much faster rate than anticipated, influencing all levels of the society, from mortal to the corporate delimitatetings making the world a vivacious place to live.From makeupal perspective, trade in an organization nookie be triggered by advancement of technology, to the quest of the management to excel in the food market. A nd to empty annihilation one has to transform itself and adapt to its environment. To understand each construction of substitute from organizational point of view allow for be an massive task with amount of literature available. So the core focus will be to understand the triggers of change, role of a change agent in the changing process. The next position is to know why changes within the organization affect its expression. Subsequently the temper of change, that is how organizations change and finally the aspect of employees reception to the change.And for a go against understanding of all the aspects, first it is an attempt to understand the literature available on this topic and to comprehend their application in real life locating two companies have been chosen, Oticon and Atari as the cocktail dress studies.LITERATURE REVIEW5.0 INTRODUCTIONLiterature review is an effort to work the research work done by mingled authors ranging from 1958 to 2008. The main topic of this research is to understand what makes organizations change and its consequences on the grammatical construction.It includes an introduction on various forms of triggers of change comprising of a discussion on the role of a change agent, its drawing cardship style and indi shagt skills in the first section. The second section is about how change affects organizational social organisation. Next section consists of the disposition of change that is, the type of change that organizations go through. And the last section deals with employees re effect to change with a discussion on Hofstedes work on culture.There has been an all overwhelming amount of research work on different aspect of organizational change and it will be beyond the scope of this dissertation in terms of time and words to cover each topic. So it has been resolute to get an overview on a part of organizational change as mentioned above.SECTION 5.1TRIGGERS OF CHANGEThis section would cover the reasons that mig ht activate a change process in an organization. Some authors have classified trigger of change into assorts based on their relation to the organization, spot others have a more than generalised view.Triggers of change have been categorized into away and home(a) triggers. External triggers would include change in client needs, competition, innovative technology, radically opportunities, change in social and cultural values, change in job conditions, change in legislation and presidential term policies (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000a). Scarcity of essential resources also results in change and stack lead to formulation of refreshed strategies, policies, rules and regulations, innovative ways of talk, encouraging squad work, developing upstart technology which can lead to the change of the entire coordinate of the organization (Chackerian and Mavima, 2000). Globalization of marketplace, heighten technologies, fierce competition, liberalization of economies, single Euro pean currency, electronic-trading, reduction of cost in production, information and transportation through economies of scale, supply chain integration (Daft, 2006), environmental awareness towards global warming, industrial waste disposal management, use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, health awareness towards obesity, diabetes and so onteramaking con philiaers move towards natural nutrition from the synthetic ones, change in lifestyle over collect to summation in disposable income leading to the change in attitude towards work, leisure-time and society etc. Changing perspective towards work style from traditional to tele work, outsourcing, advances in intercourse allows organization to be multinationals without leaving their own countries (Paton and McCalman, 2000a).Internal triggers would include identification of a new senior administrator, new and better ways of religious service clients, infra social structure relocation, innovative product development ( Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000b). Presence of influential group within the organization can trigger change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996) or change in top hierarchy may lead to change through accepting and implementing innovation (Boeker, 1997a Kraatz Moore, 2002). Change of managers within the hierarchy of the organization may lead to change (Boeker, 1997b), new responsibility can bring new motivation to do better and can lead to change through enhance learning, communication and introducing new technology etc (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007a). constitutions experience several types of triggers and so implement several types of changes. It has been reported that 50% of organizations adapts changes overdue to crisis (Beddowes and Wille, 2007a). organisational crisis can a feeler from external triggers such as competitors which can be a new firm or a rival, change in legislation, action of a stake h ancienter by selling or purchase a pregnant amount of shares, buy-out from an organisat ion etc (Eccles, 1994a). And 23% of organizations proactively change while anticipating threats and while doing so 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure. (Beddowes and Wille, 2007b). harmonise to a study of 100 companies, majority showed re-structuring as successful, as thither are examples of companies running in losses for millions of dollars for a decade and matchly turning into a profit making company in two years with evidence of efficacious work through teams and employee empowerment. So triggers of change can be financial losses leading to drop in profits which can attract new lead and which may lead to changes in the structure (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001a), increased competition leading to loss of market share, industry in recession, appointment of new chief executive smudger, proactive action (opportunities or threats foreseen), technological development and effective ways of ply utilisation (Beddowes and Wille, 2007c). agree to Champ y and Nohria (1996) at that place are three major triggers of change technology, government and globalization. Technology especially information technology has transformed business concern in many different ways. For example e-banking has opened new strategies for the banks of doing their business electronically and over the net, giving better access to customers with someonealised services. other example is the use of information technology in the field of issue of research journals. It has helped in speeding up the process of research and its publication. The government role as a trigger of change is by changing the policies which affects businesses. Deregulation, privatisation and free trade etc are opening up new ways for businesses and encouraging them to change their strategies. This type of change in government policies has been termed as regulatory punctuation which gives organizations new opportunities for expansion (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001b). Another trigger of change is the discernible fact of globalization. It has helped in developing new concepts of this century like outsourcing and forced companies to work in virtual environment. Change can be a powerful energizer and creative force which can be good and would lead to development of innovative ways of getting a competitive advantage as well as bad with cauterize demands on employees and other measures like downsizing for cost cutting etc.As mentioned earlier organizations appoint change agent to deal with external triggers which leads to familiar changes in the organization.There is evidence that 16% of changes takes place due to appointment of new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with characteristics like magnetized personality, with a clear idea of what and how changes are to be made, capable of taking a holistic view of the organization and who remembers in team work (Beddowes and Wille, 2007d). Managers do play a crucial role in proviso and in implementing organizational change (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007b). For effective implementation of change in that respect are three factors that need to be considered, the attitude, motivation and mind set of the change agent designing the change (Newman, 1973a).Previous research suggests that there exists a digression in the role of a change agent in the public sector and the private sector organizations. For example, there is significant amount of work directing towards the fact that public organizations although show more resistance to change but they often change according to Peters and Hogwood (1988) cited in Fernandez and Pitts (2007c). yet some authors argued that organizational change has little to do with managerial leadership. As suggested by Hannan and Freeman (1984a) organizations survive because they are square full for a particular environment marked by size, age and compoundness of the organization. simply an organization stands for collective work of individuals and groups to transact the object ives and goal through set of rules, which needs direction and sight which is the responsibility of the organizational leader (Burke, 2002).And in tack to influence individuals to work collectively towards a coarse goal is a complex task in itself on the part of the organizational leader.As stated influence is the essence of leadership (Yulk, 2002 P 141). The role of a change agent becomes effective when there is suitable leadership skill or influencing power to let others follow the vision and reach the goal. There is a list of twelve traits which consist of strong drive for responsibility , focus on completing the task , diligent and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in problem lick drive to exercise initiative in social settings, self-confidence , grit of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate foiling and delays, ability to influence the behaviour of others, capacity to structure social systems to the social occasion in hand according to Stogdill (1950, 1954) cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007c). While studying American executives, 15 indispensible leadership traits were identified, which are judgement, initiative, integrity, foresight, energy, drive, human relations skill, decisiveness, dependability, emotional stability, fairness, ambition, dedication, objectivity and co- performance according to Stewart (1963) and there are as many as 80 leadership traits, identified in various studies as cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007d).As leadership is all about influential skills or power skills on the part of the change agent so that the vision of the change is followed by others (followers). The power to influence others measures the extent of leadership value (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007e). At individual level power can be seen as a motivational tool when an individual tries to laterality and influence events and when this is manifested in terms of observable action by others then power is seen as a behavioral aspect. Power in behavioural terms has been divided into eight categories reward, coercive, referent, legitimize, honest power (French and Raven, 1958a), informative, affiliation and group power (Benfari, et.al, 1986a).Reward power describes the ability to influence others in such a manner that followers believe the leader have the capacity to offer valuable reward or incentive in return of the obedience shown to the leaders demand. Coercive nature of power shows that the leader has the capacity to punish in the form of penalties and sanctions in return of noncompliance to the leaders demand. Referent power describes the ability of the leader to go through by his/her enigmatic personality. Power is said to be of legitimate nature based on the authoritative position of the leader which is followed by the others as a compulsion. And the expert power which is described by its im age that leader has expert knowledge and experience to make other pack follow the instructions as it is regarded as of superior nature (French and Raven, 1958b). enlightening power is similar to expert power and describes the leader to have undisclosed information crucial to the organization which makes the leader superior and thusly followed by others. Affiliation power shows the leader to have strong relations with influential figures in the organization and society and thus followed on this basis. And the last syndicate is the group power which is associated with the leaders ability to lead a team or group with sharing of power and responsibilities. All the eight categories are perceived either as positive (P+), beneficial or minus (P-) as exploitation or mixed response (P+ and P-) by the receiving company according to its characteristics. For example reward and referent power are original as P+. Coercion and information form of power as P-(Benfari, et.al, 1986b). But all a re situational that is they have different influential power when used under different situation and the most effective leadership style that has emerged with time is the group power with sharing of power amid the leader and others, as it can give the feeling of responsibility to take decision which can be rewarding (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007f).SummarySo in brief triggers are mainly external that pressurises organizations to undertake internal changes. And it is a crucial responsibility of the change leader to assess the external situation and act accordingly so that the internal changes are done in a subtle way. When an organization becomes successful in making the relevant changes and performs well, it will pose a threat to other organizations and thus trigger another set of changes taking the course of a chain reaction.But why does an organization has to change its structure? This can be still in the next section of the literature review.Section 3. 2 take up of change on th e organizational structureAs mentioned earlier 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure (Beddowes and Wille, 2007e) while adopting internal changes.The structure of an organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.(Mintzberg, 1979a 2) agree to Newman (1973b xiii) Organization is a system for enabling peck to reach or attempt to reach certain objectives and it involves the use of resources to carry out activities towards those objectives. The raw material features of an organization involve presence of objective(s), people and the environment in which it operates. Objective(s) would be the reason behind its existence, people working in an organization communicate, orchestrate with occasional conflicts carry out activities in an organised way which is in par with the objective(s) of the overall organization. And these objective(s) are the opportun ities and constraints provided by the environment, within which an organization exists. In order to survive, an organization essential be able to understand the environment i.e. its complex surroundings and establish a relation with the trading market, products and services, suppliers, finances, customer preferences, competitors, employees, government policies, social settings, culture etc which would eventually help it to formulate the objective(s). Organization tends to establish family consanguinity between people, units, roles etc with a degree of consistency bosom all the relationships which is the underlying source of structure for an organization. The three basic features of organization that demands the need of a structure are first is the organizations desired bodily function in order to fulfil its objective(s) through effective use of available resources, second, the way of carrying out its activities i.e. the process and the third is the behaviour of the people wor king for the organization while carrying out the first two features. The function of a structure is to give stability, consistency, by holding things together giving it a form and reducing randomness while outlining its operations. The design of the structure must facilitate the fulfilment of the organizational objective(s). The conventional forms of organization design were the practicable form, the executive or administrative form and line or stave form. The functional form of the structure reflects the kind of function performed by the people. As required, new positions are developed along with new divisions or departments. But as complexity of work increases and it requires more coordination among divisions this structure becomes inadequate other this form works well for independent work in each divisions.TOP MANAGEMENT course of instruction ADIVISION BDIVISION CDIVISION D come The Functional Form (Newman, 1972c81)The administrative form separates the organizations actual work and the internal management of the organization. As it is unvoiced to separate the executive side of the organization which is more result orientated and the administrative side of the organization which retards the resources . Communication plays an important role in coordinating between the two otherwise it can give rise to conflicts. The line or supply form shows relationship between the operation and the people within the organization that is, work demand and it is an extension of the executive form. One problem faced in this form is the control of managers over the subordinates and another is the orientation of the structure to the kind of work the organization is active with. For example line structure can be marketing orientated, sales orientated and so on. But as demand from the environment increases there is a need for multi-functional structure. The inadequacies of the conventional forms led to the formation of the new structure called the matrix form.TOP MANAGEMENT FACILITIES STRUCTUREOUTPUT STRUCTURESource Matrix Form (Newman, 1972d85)Matrix structure is task based or project based that is, based on work demand. It is flexible as it changes according to the project or task at hand. And this type became prevalent among organizations dealing with large projects like civil engineering, research and development organizations etc. This structure deals with two basic objectives, first is the outfit of the organization and second is the ability to produce the return. Both are interconnected and interdependent on each other with the top management being responsible for its control and ensuring efficient utilization of resources. As it is project specific, unutilised resources needs to be reallocated or used for training etc.According to Mintzberg (1979b) there are cinque basic constituents of a structure, mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work process, work outputs and worker skills and these hold the organization togeth er. Mutual adjustment is achieved through cozy communication while coordinating work. Direct supervision is the process of scrutinizing and instructing others work by an individual which again ensures mutual adjustment. calibration of work process, output and worker skills can be achieved when they are precisely specified. In complex organizational environment these five factors work in a loop.StandardizationWork ProcessOfOutputMutual alterationMutual AdjustmentDirect SupervisionWorker SkillsSource The coordination mechanism among the five basic factors of a structure. (Mintzberg, 1979c P 7)Organizational change reflects re-organization in the structure of the organization which includes the patterns of roles, policies and surgerys which affects the relationship between them and thus affects the structure. The change can be due to new customer preferences, new work requirements, new strategies etc. In order to have an effective process of change, reviewing of the consequences of change is necessary and making relevant adjustments to the structure and policies from the results. The second factor is the change itself and for effective change it is necessary to have adequate information from the past and present as change begins with the analysis of these situations. As change means weakening of old or existing relationships and strengthening new ones and a critical situation is reached when old ties are weakened and new ties are not strong enough. Problems are faced when relationships between various factors in an organisation which were congenial in the old situation becomes incompatible in the new situation. So it is important to develop all the factors in such a way that will reinforce rather than inhibiting peoples work. For an organization to be effective, its structure, policies etc should enhance peoples output and attitude towards change. The third factor is the development of the relationship between the people and the new settings. This can be don e by effective communication, consultation, discussion, affaire among the employees and involving people in the change process (Newman, 1973e).According to Greiner (1972) as cited in Meredith and Mantel (2003) an organization tends to develop a structure whilst growing and adding resources and establishing relationship between them and at the core is the specialization factor of the human element of the organization. The structure remains stable till it facilitates the completion of the task but if there is change in the nature of the task due to any of the above mentioned triggers of change, and the present structure hinders the completion of the new task, it will register a need for change and which affects the structure of the organization.According to Chandler (1962a) organizational structure reflects the health of an organization. Structure is defined as the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered (p 14). The design has two aspects, first is th e line of control and communication between various units and people working in them and second aspect is the flow of information within these lines. And these two aspects are essential to fulfil the organizational goal. Structure follows the strategy of the organization, for example when an organization decides to expand and increase the number of offices it requires more administrative infrastructure and people to handle it and thus changes the structure. Again if an organization has overseas expansion plans it will have departments and main office to administer its individual units. Diversification to new type of function or vertical integration will attract a multi-departmental structure with a central main office. Diversification into new product line will be supported by multi-divisional structure with a general office to control the divisions. This multidivisional structure would attract de centralization of authority from the centralised control in departmental structure.Th e coordination and control of business units takes place through centralisation and decentralisation form of decision making. Centralization means power to control and coordinate resides in one person while decentralisation means division of power into many individuals. Research shows cognitive limitation in centralized decision making as it involves only one person and organizations face many complex situations. And a rational way of making decisions in such situations is through decentralisation. Other benefits of decentralisation are that it allows better understanding of the environment and it facilitates innovation and creativity as it involves many brains (Mintzberg, 1979d).According to Drucker (1988) as soon as a company changes its strategy from idea work to electronic mode it starts impact the decision process, management structure, over all way of working style of the organization eventually affecting the organizational structure. And this includes change from command a nd control mode of working in departments and divisions into information based organization of knowledge specialists.According to burn down and prowler (1961) as cited in Mintzberg (1979e), that if the environment is volatile the organizations have to have a flexible and an organic structure in order to adapt itself to changing environment but if the environment is stable organizations can have bureaucratic structures performing routine and standardised tasks.Organizations have adopted flat, flexible structure which emphasizes on empowerment and team work culture in order to cope up with the changing nature of the environment. Successful organizations show employment of employees in decision making and also as a part of the change the organization needs (Piderit, 2000a). As stated by Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Meadows (1980a) organic structure has the following characteristics, team work to complete a common task, no fixed rules or methods to accomplish the task, periodic re-examine of the task so that it can be readjusted according to demands of the surroundings through communication, consultative nature of communication instead of imperious nature, closely knitted network of communication, devotion towards the organization and the task and grip for intellectual and technological soundness.SummaryOrganizational structure is the reflection of its internal relationship between all its resources (people and work) which are constantly influenced by the external factors. And thus when an organization makes internal changes in order to cope up with the external triggers eventually changes its structure. Organizations need to have a flexible structure (organic) so that it can adapt to the environment which is volatile in nature due to external triggers. And as suggested growth without structural adjustment can lead to economic failure (Chandler, 1962b p 16).The next question that arises is that does the structure of the organization affects or facilitat es changes within an organization? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review.Section 3.3Nature of changeWhile organizations adapt to environment, structure plays an important role, if the inherent nature of the structure is flexible then changes are easily done otherwise it poses a threat to both the process and content of change.Organizational change is the difference in organizational features measured over a period of time. Organizational features can range from functions performed by individuals or organizational subunits or relationship among other organizations and the environment (Van de Ven, 2004a). Organizational theories are either focused on the content of change or process of change. Barnett and Carroll (1995a) have suggested a government note between process and content aspect of the changing organizations. Content refers to the element of the organization that changes and process refers to the actual course of action or procedure that is adop ted to make those changes. The outcomes of both content and process changes have different effects on the organization although there is a clear fundamental interaction between them.Types of changes due to various triggers can be at various levels. For example, at organisational level, change may occur in the culture and structure of the organization with new work practices, emphasising on training and team work, introducing new reward systems and innovative ways of communication etc. Another heavy(a) type of changing is through cost cutting measures like staff reduction or downsizing. Market led issues may lead to customer orientated focus with new products with better quality, adapting innovative technology (Beddowes and Wille, 2007f). A similar list suggested by Van De Ven (2004b) consists of structural change featuring decentralization or centralization functional change in strategies to bring new and better products and services compositional change featuring downsizing and re cruitment, resource apportionment change in relationship between organization units through effective communication, exchange of resources across units change in boundary through business expansion or contraction using mergers, acquisition, joint ventures etc environmental changes due to resource scarcity etc, and lastly change in performance showing profitability, job satisfaction etc. These comprises of the content aspect of the organization change.

The Importance of Psychotherapy and Medication in the Treatment of Buli

The Importance of Psychotherapy and Medication in the Treatment of Bulimia NervosaThis researched argumentation is on the disorder of bulimia nervosa. The reason behind my writing approximately the topic of bulimia is because my sister suffers from it and I want to know how to suspensor her. I alike would like to be able to share the breeding I obtained while doing my research. I want to argue the importance of having two psychotherapy and medication in the treatment for the mess afflicted with this sober health disorder. Society needs to be altered by the media and improve about the disorders of bulimia and other disorders that are associated with eating problems. Hopefully my establish will inform you about the health dangers and complications caused by bulimia. I also want to readers of my essay to be able to gain a thick(p) understanding for how bulimic individuals are victims and how they are suffering with this disorder. Maybe, if more multitude are informed about b ulimia nervosa, then the number of people suffering from this ailment will lessen.In recent years, an awareness of the veto impact of the media icons on society is extremely apparent in todays youth. infinite numbers of individuals, the majority being women, try to obtain the desirel form images waded everywhere. However, this idealized image is not a realistic one. The terms Barbie boo syndrome, yo-yo dieting, bulimia, and anorexia are commonly talked about. Unfortunately, the words are the labels for virtually serious disorders that have dangerous feigns and sometimes lead to the death of numerous individuals. People in todays society have idea that bulimia, or any other eating disorder, will not affect them. These people are totally wrong to think in much(prenominal) a m... ...e body they want, but then after that moment they peck not control their weight and keep on losing more weight. Pictures of half-dead, besides skinny people should be shown to society for every one to be able to view first hand what the end product of bulimia looks like. That the goal of the bulimic is to be thin and attractive, but the reality is that they become ugly and unwell looking. Is this the life anyone really wants to live?Works Cited 1. Fairburn CG, Overcoming binge eating, New York Guilford, 1995. 2. The external Journal of Eating Disorders, May 1995 v17 n4 p323(7). 3.the international journal of eating disorders, July 1997 v22 n1 p1(13). 4. fashion Research and Therapy, March 1996 v34 n3 p197(16), Author G. Tarence Wilson.5. Patient care, November 15, 1995 v29 n18 p101(3). 6. The Addiction Letter, May 1995 v 11 n5 p7(1).

Know Thy Reader Essay -- Analysis, Letter from Birmingham Jail

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s Letter from Birmingham discard is a defense of the kind of non-violent direct action that King promoted and apply during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. It is a response to statements of disapproval do by the clergymen of Birmingham, Alabama, and is obviously written in a way that appeals forbiddenright to this audience. King uses his knowledge of this audiences identity to design highly targeted arguments and to choose pertinent historical examples for citation, and uses his personal experience in writing sermons and speeches to construct pitiful sermon-like passages that complement and reinforce his arguments. The arguments basis in terms that the clergymen testament come on to be familiar and agreeable, in combination with sympathy evoking references to historical events, is especially efficacious in causing the clergymen to seriously reconsider their statements.The strategy that stands out the most is Kings usage of religious references. He supports his arguments with passages from the Bible and statements or philosophies ensnare forth by prominent theologians, such as St. Thomas Aquinas. The clergy is real familiar with these sources. Their entire belief system is based on them By using these sources as a basis for his arguments, King makes it very unmanageable for the clergy to disagree with the reasoning behind his actions. For example, in response to the accusation that he and other protesters are outside agitators, he references the story of Paul of Tarsuss accusation to spread Christianity just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the church doctrine of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own h... ...rtight cage of destitution in the midst of an affluent society. then you will interpret why we find it difficult to wait (166-167). In other words, he uses passages like these to drive the po int home.As a whole, Letter from Birmingham clink is a thorough and well-executed defense of non-violent protest. Even readers who do not claim to be persuaded, readers who are already in ordinary agreement with non-violent methods of protest, will still find deep insights into how this form of protest works (such as the concept of negative peace (169)), and why it is necessary. King combines the strategy of likable to the audiences identity in various ways, powerful passages that reinforce arguments, and some general deductive reasoning and insight to construct an argument that is very clear, rational, and effective in explaining and defending non-violent direct action.